The country will promote the establishment of a bankruptcy system for insolvent individuals in a step-by-step way, according to the new reform plan released by the National Development and Reform Commission and 12 other central government agencies.
由国家发改委和其他12家中央政府机构发布的改革方案提出,我国将推动逐步建立无偿付能力个人的破产制度。
【名词解释】
个人破产(personal bankruptcy),是指作为债务人的自然人不能清偿其到期债务时,由法院依法宣告其破产(an insolvent individual is declared bankrupt by the court),并对其财产进行清算和分配或者进行债务调整(have their property liquidated, distributed or debt adjusted),对其债务进行豁免(exempted from the liability the individual is unable to pay back)以及确定当事人在破产过程中的权利义务关系的法律规范。
《方案》明确,对符合破产等退出条件的国有企业,各相关方不得以任何方式阻碍其退出,防止形成“僵尸企业”(zombie companies)。不得通过违规提供政府补贴、贷款(illegal government subsidies or loans)等方式维系“僵尸企业”生存,有效解决国有“僵尸企业”不愿退出的问题。国有企业退出时(in case of SOEs' exit),金融机构等债权人不得要求政府承担超出出资额之外的债务清偿责任。
发改委将研究建立个人破产制度(personal bankruptcy system),重点解决企业破产产生的自然人连带责任担保债务问题(resolving the joint liabilities arising from corporate bankruptcy)。明确自然人因担保等原因而承担与生产经营活动相关的负债可依法合理免责。逐步推进建立自然人符合条件的消费负债可依法合理免责(promoting reasonable liability exemptions for individuals),最终建立全面的个人破产制度。
个人申请破产后,是不是可以不用还债了呢?会不会影响债权人的利益呢?
中国人民大学法学院教授徐阳光指出,不要以为只要申请破产就可获得免责,更不要将个人破产等同于“逃废”个人债务。
Not every personal bankruptcy application will be approved and applying for bankruptcy is not a shelter for those trying to avoid paying their debts, said Xu.
并非所有个人破产申请都能获准,个人破产也不能成为一些人逃避债务的“保护伞”。
To get the debt liability exemption, the debtor has to repay part of the debt as a condition and the debtor's economic life will be restricted for about three to five years after the end of bankruptcy proceedings, Xu said.
债务人须偿还部分债务作为免责的条件,在破产程序终结后的一段时间内(通常持续3-5年),债务人的经济生活会受到限制。